人物犹太教传统约前5世纪中叶在省Tradition mid-5th c. BCE governorship
尼希米Nehemiah
波斯朝廷酒政出身的犹大省长；城墙重建与社会改革叙事主角。Cupbearer-turned-governor of Judah; protagonist of wall rebuilding and social reform narratives.
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Knowledge category
人物
人物犹太教传统前5世纪；编年方案争议Tradition 5th c. BCE; chronological schemes debated
以斯拉Ezra
「精通摩西律法的文士」；传统中的托拉复兴者。史学讨论其波斯授权使命与文本成书。Scribe skilled in the law of Moses; traditional restorer of Torah. History debates Persian-authorized mission and textual formation.
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事件
事件犹太教传统约前5世纪中叶（绝对年方案有争）Tradition mid-5th c. BCE (absolute schemes debated)
以斯拉—尼希米改革与托拉公共化Ezra–Nehemiah Reforms and Public Torah
城墙、通婚危机、托拉宣读与立约叙事。H 轨：波斯行省犹大的精英政治与文本权威；T 轨：圣民分别与律法中心。Wall, intermarriage crisis, Torah reading and covenant. H-track: elite politics and textual authority in Persian Yehud; T-track: holy people separation and law-centered life.
事件犹太教古代近东约前538 起归回浪潮；圣殿约前516 落成（传统年表）Return waves from c. 538; temple completion c. 516 BCE (traditional scheme)
归回与第二圣殿重建Return and Rebuilding of the Second Temple
波斯时期犹大人归回、重建祭坛与圣殿的叙事与史学。H 轨：居鲁士政策与行省框架；T 轨：耶和华激动君王之心与圣殿重立。Persian-period return and temple rebuilding in narrative and history. H-track: Cyrus policy and provincial frame; T-track: YHWH stirring kings and reestablishing the house.
事件犹太教起义约前167 起；红献约前164；哈斯蒙尼国家化延至前1 世纪Revolt from c. 167; rededication c. 164; Hasmonean statehood into 1st c. BCE
马加比起义与哈斯蒙尼兴起Maccabean Revolt and Rise of the Hasmoneans
从游击反抗到独立王朝。H 轨：军事—外交与国家化；T 轨：洁净圣殿与自由的节期记忆（亦含王朝暴力的阴影）。From guerrilla resistance to independent dynasty. H-track: military-diplomacy and state formation; T-track: temple cleansing and freedom festival—plus later dynastic violence.
事件犹太教约前2 世纪–公元1 世纪中叶c. 2nd c. BCE–mid-1st c. CE
第二圣殿晚期犹太教图景（教派与共同实践）Late Second Temple Jewish Landscape (Sects and Common Practice)
法利赛、撒都该、艾赛尼等与「共同犹太教」实践并存。为 p04 耶稣运动提供语境，而非基督教起源目的论。Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and common practice coexist. Context for p04 Jesus movement—not a teleology of Christian origins.
Knowledge category
文本
经典与文本犹太教基督教跨传统共享
塔纳赫（希伯来圣经）作为正典整体Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) as Canonical Whole
犹太正典三部分结构（托拉/先知/文集）。H 轨：正典化过程；T 轨：神圣书写整体。Jewish canon in three parts (Torah/Prophets/Writings). H-track: canonization process; T-track: sacred scripture as whole.