事件伊斯兰教约公元630c. 630 CE
光复/征服麦加（约630）Conquest of Mecca (c. 630)
先知时期进入麦加的关键节点。H 轨：西拉军事—政治叙事；T 轨：天房净化与大赦传统。Key prophetic-era entry into Mecca. H-track: sira military-political narrative; T-track: Kaaba purification and amnesty traditions.
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事件伊斯兰教公元622 / 希吉拉历元年622 CE / year 1 AH
希吉拉（迁徙）The Hijra (Emigration)
622 年自麦加迁至叶斯里卜/麦地那；伊斯兰纪元起点。H 轨：政治避难与共同体重建；T 轨：奉命迁徙与信仰考验。622 move from Mecca to Yathrib/Medina; epoch of the Islamic calendar. H-track: political refuge and community rebuilding; T-track: commanded emigration and trial of faith.
事件伊斯兰教公元680（希吉拉历61）680 CE (61 AH)
卡尔巴拉（680）Karbala (680)
侯赛因·本·阿里在卡尔巴拉遇难。H 轨：第二次菲特奈语境中的军事—政治事件；T 轨：什叶哀悼与救赎记忆的轴心。Death of Husayn b. Ali at Karbala. H-track: military-political event in second fitna context; T-track: axial Shi'i mourning and redemptive memory.
事件伊斯兰教约8–10 世纪形成期Formation period c. 8th–10th c.
逊尼四大教法学派形成Formation of the Four Sunni Legal Schools
哈纳菲、马立克、沙斐仪、罕百里等学派在9–10 世纪前后制度化。H 轨：Melchert 研究；T 轨：教法多元一体叙事。Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali schools institutionalize c. 9th–10th c. H-track: Melchert; T-track: unity-in-plurality of fiqh narrative.
事件伊斯兰教跨传统共享约15–18 世纪（与欧洲改革重叠）c. 15th–18th c. (overlaps European reform)
近世伊斯兰帝国格局（奥斯曼中心视角）Early Modern Islamicate Imperial Order (Ottoman-centered view)
与欧洲改革并行的奥斯曼等帝国秩序：教法、苏非、宫廷与对非穆斯林米勒特管理。Ottoman and related imperial orders parallel to European reform: law, Sufism, court, and millet management of non-Muslims.
事件伊斯兰教约1740s 起；与沙特政治多次起伏From c. 1740s; multiple rises/falls with Saudi politics
瓦哈比运动与沙特兴起Wahhabi Movement and Saudi Rise
18 世纪纳季德改革运动与沙特政治联盟。H 轨：Commins；T 轨：认主独一改革 vs 批评暴力/扩张。18th-c. Najdi reform movement and Saudi political alliance. H-track: Commins; T-track: tawhid reform vs critiques of violence/expansion.