地点伊斯兰教古代近东
麦加Mecca
希贾兹贸易—朝圣城镇；伊斯兰传统中的天房所在与启示初期舞台。Hijazi trade-pilgrimage town; Kaaba locus and early revelation setting in Islamic tradition.
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一次检索人物、事件、地点、文本、群体、路线和比较专题，并深入匹配百科正文、时间节点与学界争议。
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Knowledge category
地点
地点伊斯兰教犹太教跨传统共享
麦地那（叶斯里卜）Medina (Yathrib)
希吉拉后的先知之城；乌玛政治—宗教中心，早期伊斯兰共同体制度实验场。City of the Prophet after the Hijra; political-religious center of the umma and laboratory of early community institutions.
Knowledge category
事件
事件伊斯兰教约公元630c. 630 CE
光复/征服麦加（约630）Conquest of Mecca (c. 630)
先知时期进入麦加的关键节点。H 轨：西拉军事—政治叙事；T 轨：天房净化与大赦传统。Key prophetic-era entry into Mecca. H-track: sira military-political narrative; T-track: Kaaba purification and amnesty traditions.
事件伊斯兰教公元622 / 希吉拉历元年622 CE / year 1 AH
希吉拉（迁徙）The Hijra (Emigration)
622 年自麦加迁至叶斯里卜/麦地那；伊斯兰纪元起点。H 轨：政治避难与共同体重建；T 轨：奉命迁徙与信仰考验。622 move from Mecca to Yathrib/Medina; epoch of the Islamic calendar. H-track: political refuge and community rebuilding; T-track: commanded emigration and trial of faith.
事件伊斯兰教公元680（希吉拉历61）680 CE (61 AH)
卡尔巴拉（680）Karbala (680)
侯赛因·本·阿里在卡尔巴拉遇难。H 轨：第二次菲特奈语境中的军事—政治事件；T 轨：什叶哀悼与救赎记忆的轴心。Death of Husayn b. Ali at Karbala. H-track: military-political event in second fitna context; T-track: axial Shi'i mourning and redemptive memory.
事件伊斯兰教约8–10 世纪形成期Formation period c. 8th–10th c.
逊尼四大教法学派形成Formation of the Four Sunni Legal Schools
哈纳菲、马立克、沙斐仪、罕百里等学派在9–10 世纪前后制度化。H 轨：Melchert 研究；T 轨：教法多元一体叙事。Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali schools institutionalize c. 9th–10th c. H-track: Melchert; T-track: unity-in-plurality of fiqh narrative.
事件伊斯兰教跨传统共享约15–18 世纪（与欧洲改革重叠）c. 15th–18th c. (overlaps European reform)
近世伊斯兰帝国格局（奥斯曼中心视角）Early Modern Islamicate Imperial Order (Ottoman-centered view)
与欧洲改革并行的奥斯曼等帝国秩序：教法、苏非、宫廷与对非穆斯林米勒特管理。Ottoman and related imperial orders parallel to European reform: law, Sufism, court, and millet management of non-Muslims.
事件伊斯兰教约1740s 起；与沙特政治多次起伏From c. 1740s; multiple rises/falls with Saudi politics
瓦哈比运动与沙特兴起Wahhabi Movement and Saudi Rise
18 世纪纳季德改革运动与沙特政治联盟。H 轨：Commins；T 轨：认主独一改革 vs 批评暴力/扩张。18th-c. Najdi reform movement and Saudi political alliance. H-track: Commins; T-track: tawhid reform vs critiques of violence/expansion.
Knowledge category
路线
迁徙与传播路线伊斯兰教622622 CE
希吉拉路线（麦加→麦地那）Hijra Route (Mecca → Medina)
622 年迁徙示意线；传统西拉细节丰富，史学肯定迁徙事件本身。Schematic 622 emigration line; sira details rich, historiography affirms the emigration event itself.
Knowledge category
人物
人物伊斯兰教卒于约619（传统）Died c. 619 (tradition)
赫蒂彻Khadija
先知之妻，早期支持者。H 轨：西拉传统中的麦加商业—家族语境；T 轨：首位信士与安抚叙事。Wife of the Prophet and early supporter. H-track: Meccan commercial-family context in sira; T-track: first believer and consolation narratives.
人物伊斯兰教传统约570–632；受召约610；迁徙622；卒632Tradition c. 570–632; call c. 610; Hijra 622; death 632
穆罕默德Muhammad
伊斯兰传统中的末位先知；H 轨：西拉批判、古兰语境与早期共同体领袖；T 轨：启示、圣行与全美典范。Final prophet in Islamic tradition. H-track: critical sira, Qur'anic context, early community leadership; T-track: revelation, sunna, perfect exemplar.
人物伊斯兰教哈里发约661–680Caliph c. 661–680
穆阿维叶Muawiya
倭马亚王朝奠基者。H 轨：叙利亚权力与王朝转向；T 轨：逊尼务实治理 vs 什叶篡权叙事。Founder of the Umayyad dynasty. H-track: Syrian power and dynastic turn; T-track: Sunni pragmatic rule vs Shi'i usurpation narrative.
人物犹太教基督教伊斯兰教跨传统共享传统置于约前二千纪；史学年代不可确指Tradition places in 2nd millennium BCE; historical dating uncertain
亚伯拉罕 / 易卜拉欣Abraham / Ibrahim
亚伯拉罕诸教共同尊崇的族长/先知人物。H 轨：族长叙事的文学—历史批判与考古限度；T 轨：立约、信心与一神叙事。Patriarch/prophet across Abrahamic faiths. H-track: literary-historical criticism and archaeological limits; T-track: covenant, trust, monotheistic narrative.
人物犹太教伊斯兰教基督教跨传统共享叙事内与以撒并行的谱系；史学不可确指Parallel genealogical line in story-time; historically unfixed
以实玛利 / 伊斯玛仪Ishmael / Isma'il
夏甲之子；犹太圣经叙事中的分支谱系，伊斯兰传统中的重要先知先祖。史学仍归族长文学与后来族群记忆。Son of Hagar; collateral line in Jewish biblical narrative; major ancestral prophet in Islamic tradition. History: patriarchal literature and later ethnic memory.
人物犹太教基督教跨传统共享叙事内第二代族长；史学不可确指Second-generation patriarch in story-time; historically unfixed
以撒Isaac
应许之子、雅各与以扫之父；叙事上承接亚伯拉罕之约。史学同样将其置于族长文学而非可独立验证传记。Child of promise and father of Jacob and Esau; narrative heir of Abrahamic covenant. History places him in patriarchal literature, not independent biography.
人物伊斯兰教约614–678c. 614–678 CE
阿伊莎Aisha
先知之妻，圣训与早期政治的重要人物。H 轨：圣训传述与内战角色；T 轨：逊尼尊崇与什叶批评分栏。Wife of the Prophet; major figure in hadith and early politics. H-track: hadith transmission and civil-war role; T-track: Sunni honor vs Shi'i critique—separate.
人物伊斯兰教哈里发约632–634Caliph c. 632–634
艾布·伯克尔Abu Bakr
首位哈里发（逊尼传统）。H 轨：赛基法与里达战争；T 轨：正统哈里发叙事（什叶评价不同）。First caliph in Sunni tradition. H-track: Saqifa and ridda wars; T-track: rightly guided narrative (Shi'i evaluation differs).
Knowledge category
专题
比较专题跨传统共享犹太教基督教伊斯兰教
亚伯拉罕诸教同源与分流（桥接专题）Abrahamic Common Roots and Divergences (Bridge Topic)
比较层：共享人物与符号如何被不同经典与教义配置；不取消各教独特性，不替代双轨主文。Compare layer: shared figures/symbols under different canons and doctrines; neither erases distinctiveness nor replaces dual-track articles.