人物伊斯兰教约614–678c. 614–678 CE
阿伊莎Aisha
先知之妻，圣训与早期政治的重要人物。H 轨：圣训传述与内战角色；T 轨：逊尼尊崇与什叶批评分栏。Wife of the Prophet; major figure in hadith and early politics. H-track: hadith transmission and civil-war role; T-track: Sunni honor vs Shi'i critique—separate.
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人物
人物伊斯兰教卒于约619（传统）Died c. 619 (tradition)
赫蒂彻Khadija
先知之妻，早期支持者。H 轨：西拉传统中的麦加商业—家族语境；T 轨：首位信士与安抚叙事。Wife of the Prophet and early supporter. H-track: Meccan commercial-family context in sira; T-track: first believer and consolation narratives.
人物伊斯兰教哈里发约632–634Caliph c. 632–634
艾布·伯克尔Abu Bakr
首位哈里发（逊尼传统）。H 轨：赛基法与里达战争；T 轨：正统哈里发叙事（什叶评价不同）。First caliph in Sunni tradition. H-track: Saqifa and ridda wars; T-track: rightly guided narrative (Shi'i evaluation differs).
人物伊斯兰教哈里发约644–656Caliph c. 644–656
奥斯曼·本·阿凡Uthman b. Affan
第三任哈里发（逊尼传统）。H 轨：古兰定本传统与反对派；T 轨：正统与争议并存的记忆。Third caliph in Sunni tradition. H-track: Qur'an codex tradition and opposition; T-track: memory mixing orthodoxy and controversy.
人物伊斯兰教哈里发约656–661Caliph c. 656–661
阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜Ali b. Abi Talib
第四任哈里发（逊尼）；什叶第一伊玛目。H 轨：内战与合法性；T 轨：逊尼/什叶根本分流点。Fourth caliph (Sunni); first Imam (Shi'i). H-track: civil war and legitimacy; T-track: fundamental Sunni/Shi'i fork.
Knowledge category
事件
事件伊斯兰教约656–661c. 656–661 CE
第一次菲特奈（第一次内战）The First Fitna (First Civil War)
奥斯曼被杀后阿里时期的内战，至661 前后。教派记忆的分水岭。Civil war after Uthman's killing through Ali's caliphate to c. 661; watershed of sectarian memory.
事件伊斯兰教632–661632–661 CE
四大哈里发时期（拉希敦）The Rashidun (Rightly Guided) Caliphate Period
艾布·伯克尔、欧麦尔、奥斯曼、阿里时期。H 轨：继承危机、征服与内战（菲特奈）；T 轨：逊尼「正统哈里发」与什叶对阿里优先的分流圣史。Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali. H-track: succession crises, conquests, civil war (fitna); T-track: Sunni rightly guided caliphs vs Shi'i priority of Ali.