人物伊斯兰教哈里发约632–634Caliph c. 632–634
艾布·伯克尔Abu Bakr
首位哈里发（逊尼传统）。H 轨：赛基法与里达战争；T 轨：正统哈里发叙事（什叶评价不同）。First caliph in Sunni tradition. H-track: Saqifa and ridda wars; T-track: rightly guided narrative (Shi'i evaluation differs).
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人物
人物伊斯兰教传统约570–632；受召约610；迁徙622；卒632Tradition c. 570–632; call c. 610; Hijra 622; death 632
穆罕默德Muhammad
伊斯兰传统中的末位先知；H 轨：西拉批判、古兰语境与早期共同体领袖；T 轨：启示、圣行与全美典范。Final prophet in Islamic tradition. H-track: critical sira, Qur'anic context, early community leadership; T-track: revelation, sunna, perfect exemplar.
人物伊斯兰教约614–678c. 614–678 CE
阿伊莎Aisha
先知之妻，圣训与早期政治的重要人物。H 轨：圣训传述与内战角色；T 轨：逊尼尊崇与什叶批评分栏。Wife of the Prophet; major figure in hadith and early politics. H-track: hadith transmission and civil-war role; T-track: Sunni honor vs Shi'i critique—separate.
人物伊斯兰教哈里发约634–644Caliph c. 634–644
欧麦尔·本·哈塔卜Umar b. al-Khattab
第二任哈里发（逊尼传统）。H 轨：征服与行政；T 轨：公正与严厉的典范叙事。Second caliph in Sunni tradition. H-track: conquests and administration; T-track: justice and severity paradigm.
人物伊斯兰教哈里发约656–661Caliph c. 656–661
阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜Ali b. Abi Talib
第四任哈里发（逊尼）；什叶第一伊玛目。H 轨：内战与合法性；T 轨：逊尼/什叶根本分流点。Fourth caliph (Sunni); first Imam (Shi'i). H-track: civil war and legitimacy; T-track: fundamental Sunni/Shi'i fork.
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事件
事件伊斯兰教632–661632–661 CE
四大哈里发时期（拉希敦）The Rashidun (Rightly Guided) Caliphate Period
艾布·伯克尔、欧麦尔、奥斯曼、阿里时期。H 轨：继承危机、征服与内战（菲特奈）；T 轨：逊尼「正统哈里发」与什叶对阿里优先的分流圣史。Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali. H-track: succession crises, conquests, civil war (fitna); T-track: Sunni rightly guided caliphs vs Shi'i priority of Ali.
事件伊斯兰教公元622 / 希吉拉历元年622 CE / year 1 AH
希吉拉（迁徙）The Hijra (Emigration)
622 年自麦加迁至叶斯里卜/麦地那；伊斯兰纪元起点。H 轨：政治避难与共同体重建；T 轨：奉命迁徙与信仰考验。622 move from Mecca to Yathrib/Medina; epoch of the Islamic calendar. H-track: political refuge and community rebuilding; T-track: commanded emigration and trial of faith.
事件伊斯兰教基督教犹太教古代近东跨传统共享约630s–750s（高潮在拉希敦—倭马亚早期）c. 630s–750s (peak under Rashidun–early Umayyads)
早期阿拉伯—伊斯兰征服Early Arab–Islamic Conquests
7 世纪对拜占庭叙利亚—埃及与萨珊伊拉克—伊朗等地的快速扩张。H 轨：军事、税收与宗教政策复杂；T 轨：为主道开疆与宿命叙事。7th-c. rapid expansion into Byzantine Syria–Egypt and Sasanian Iraq–Iran. H-track: complex military, tax, and religious policy; T-track: expansion in God's path and destiny narratives.
事件伊斯兰教约656–661c. 656–661 CE
第一次菲特奈（第一次内战）The First Fitna (First Civil War)
奥斯曼被杀后阿里时期的内战，至661 前后。教派记忆的分水岭。Civil war after Uthman's killing through Ali's caliphate to c. 661; watershed of sectarian memory.
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地点
地点伊斯兰教犹太教跨传统共享
麦地那（叶斯里卜）Medina (Yathrib)
希吉拉后的先知之城；乌玛政治—宗教中心，早期伊斯兰共同体制度实验场。City of the Prophet after the Hijra; political-religious center of the umma and laboratory of early community institutions.
Knowledge category
路线
迁徙与传播路线伊斯兰教622622 CE
希吉拉路线（麦加→麦地那）Hijra Route (Mecca → Medina)
622 年迁徙示意线；传统西拉细节丰富，史学肯定迁徙事件本身。Schematic 622 emigration line; sira details rich, historiography affirms the emigration event itself.