人物伊斯兰教哈里发约661–680Caliph c. 661–680
穆阿维叶Muawiya
倭马亚王朝奠基者。H 轨：叙利亚权力与王朝转向；T 轨：逊尼务实治理 vs 什叶篡权叙事。Founder of the Umayyad dynasty. H-track: Syrian power and dynastic turn; T-track: Sunni pragmatic rule vs Shi'i usurpation narrative.
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人物
人物伊斯兰教约626–680c. 626–680 CE
侯赛因·本·阿里Husayn b. Ali
阿里之子、先知外孙；卡尔巴拉中心人物。什叶伊玛目谱系关键一环。Son of Ali, grandson of the Prophet; central figure of Karbala; key link in Shi'i imam lineage.
人物伊斯兰教哈里发约644–656Caliph c. 644–656
奥斯曼·本·阿凡Uthman b. Affan
第三任哈里发（逊尼传统）。H 轨：古兰定本传统与反对派；T 轨：正统与争议并存的记忆。Third caliph in Sunni tradition. H-track: Qur'an codex tradition and opposition; T-track: memory mixing orthodoxy and controversy.
人物伊斯兰教哈里发约656–661Caliph c. 656–661
阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜Ali b. Abi Talib
第四任哈里发（逊尼）；什叶第一伊玛目。H 轨：内战与合法性；T 轨：逊尼/什叶根本分流点。Fourth caliph (Sunni); first Imam (Shi'i). H-track: civil war and legitimacy; T-track: fundamental Sunni/Shi'i fork.
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事件
事件伊斯兰教约656–661c. 656–661 CE
第一次菲特奈（第一次内战）The First Fitna (First Civil War)
奥斯曼被杀后阿里时期的内战，至661 前后。教派记忆的分水岭。Civil war after Uthman's killing through Ali's caliphate to c. 661; watershed of sectarian memory.
事件伊斯兰教公元680（希吉拉历61）680 CE (61 AH)
卡尔巴拉（680）Karbala (680)
侯赛因·本·阿里在卡尔巴拉遇难。H 轨：第二次菲特奈语境中的军事—政治事件；T 轨：什叶哀悼与救赎记忆的轴心。Death of Husayn b. Ali at Karbala. H-track: military-political event in second fitna context; T-track: axial Shi'i mourning and redemptive memory.
事件伊斯兰教632–661632–661 CE
四大哈里发时期（拉希敦）The Rashidun (Rightly Guided) Caliphate Period
艾布·伯克尔、欧麦尔、奥斯曼、阿里时期。H 轨：继承危机、征服与内战（菲特奈）；T 轨：逊尼「正统哈里发」与什叶对阿里优先的分流圣史。Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali. H-track: succession crises, conquests, civil war (fitna); T-track: Sunni rightly guided caliphs vs Shi'i priority of Ali.