Knowledge search
一次检索人物、事件、地点、文本、群体、路线和比较专题，并深入匹配百科正文、时间节点与学界争议。
Knowledge category
与欧洲改革并行的奥斯曼等帝国秩序：教法、苏非、宫廷与对非穆斯林米勒特管理。Ottoman and related imperial orders parallel to European reform: law, Sufism, court, and millet management of non-Muslims.
奥斯曼帝国对基督徒、犹太人等共同体的法律—行政安排（史学上「米勒特」概念有建构与演变）。Ottoman legal-administrative arrangements for Christian, Jewish, and other communities (the 'millet' concept is historically constructed and evolving).
16 世纪起萨法维王朝以十二伊玛目什叶为国教，重塑伊朗宗教地图。H 轨：国家—教派政治；T 轨：什叶礼仪与圣地网络扩展。From 16th c. Safavids establish Twelver Shi'ism as state religion, reshaping Iran's religious map. H-track: state-sect politics; T-track: expansion of Shi'i ritual and shrine networks.
19–20 世纪初伊斯兰世界面对欧洲霸权的思想—制度回应：现代主义、赛莱菲倾向、宪政与教育改革等。19th–early 20th c. intellectual-institutional responses to European hegemony: modernism, Salafi tendencies, constitutionalism, educational reform, etc.