人物伊斯兰教1849–19051849–1905
穆罕默德·阿卜杜Muhammad Abduh
埃及伊斯兰现代主义关键人物。H 轨：Hourani 思想史；T 轨：理性、改革与教育。Key Egyptian Islamic modernist. H-track: Hourani intellectual history; T-track: reason, reform, and education.
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事件伊斯兰教跨传统共享约15–18 世纪（与欧洲改革重叠）c. 15th–18th c. (overlaps European reform)
近世伊斯兰帝国格局（奥斯曼中心视角）Early Modern Islamicate Imperial Order (Ottoman-centered view)
与欧洲改革并行的奥斯曼等帝国秩序：教法、苏非、宫廷与对非穆斯林米勒特管理。Ottoman and related imperial orders parallel to European reform: law, Sufism, court, and millet management of non-Muslims.
事件伊斯兰教基督教犹太教跨传统共享经典讨论多聚焦15–19 世纪；制度有演变Classic discussions often 15th–19th c.; institutions evolved
奥斯曼米勒特体制（非穆斯林共同体治理）Ottoman Millet System (Governance of Non-Muslim Communities)
奥斯曼帝国对基督徒、犹太人等共同体的法律—行政安排（史学上「米勒特」概念有建构与演变）。Ottoman legal-administrative arrangements for Christian, Jewish, and other communities (the 'millet' concept is historically constructed and evolving).
事件伊斯兰教约1501 起（伊斯玛仪一世）From c. 1501 (Isma'il I)
萨法维伊朗与十二伊玛目什叶国教化Safavid Iran and Twelver Shi'ism as State Religion
16 世纪起萨法维王朝以十二伊玛目什叶为国教，重塑伊朗宗教地图。H 轨：国家—教派政治；T 轨：什叶礼仪与圣地网络扩展。From 16th c. Safavids establish Twelver Shi'ism as state religion, reshaping Iran's religious map. H-track: state-sect politics; T-track: expansion of Shi'i ritual and shrine networks.
事件伊斯兰教约19 世纪–20 世纪中（地区参差）c. 19th–mid-20th c. (regionally uneven)
伊斯兰现代改革与殖民冲击Islamic Modern Reform and Colonial Impact
19–20 世纪初伊斯兰世界面对欧洲霸权的思想—制度回应：现代主义、赛莱菲倾向、宪政与教育改革等。19th–early 20th c. intellectual-institutional responses to European hegemony: modernism, Salafi tendencies, constitutionalism, educational reform, etc.