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事件犹太教传统约前5世纪中叶（绝对年方案有争）Tradition mid-5th c. BCE (absolute schemes debated)

以斯拉—尼希米改革与托拉公共化Ezra–Nehemiah Reforms and Public Torah

城墙、通婚危机、托拉宣读与立约叙事。H 轨：波斯行省犹大的精英政治与文本权威；T 轨：圣民分别与律法中心。Wall, intermarriage crisis, Torah reading and covenant. H-track: elite politics and textual authority in Persian Yehud; T-track: holy people separation and law-centered life.

事件犹太教古代近东约前538 起归回浪潮；圣殿约前516 落成（传统年表）Return waves from c. 538; temple completion c. 516 BCE (traditional scheme)

归回与第二圣殿重建Return and Rebuilding of the Second Temple

波斯时期犹大人归回、重建祭坛与圣殿的叙事与史学。H 轨：居鲁士政策与行省框架；T 轨：耶和华激动君王之心与圣殿重立。Persian-period return and temple rebuilding in narrative and history. H-track: Cyrus policy and provincial frame; T-track: YHWH stirring kings and reestablishing the house.

事件犹太教起义约前167 起；红献约前164；哈斯蒙尼国家化延至前1 世纪Revolt from c. 167; rededication c. 164; Hasmonean statehood into 1st c. BCE

马加比起义与哈斯蒙尼兴起Maccabean Revolt and Rise of the Hasmoneans

从游击反抗到独立王朝。H 轨：军事—外交与国家化；T 轨：洁净圣殿与自由的节期记忆（亦含王朝暴力的阴影）。From guerrilla resistance to independent dynasty. H-track: military-diplomacy and state formation; T-track: temple cleansing and freedom festival—plus later dynastic violence.

事件犹太教约前2 世纪–公元1 世纪中叶c. 2nd c. BCE–mid-1st c. CE

第二圣殿晚期犹太教图景（教派与共同实践）Late Second Temple Jewish Landscape (Sects and Common Practice)

法利赛、撒都该、艾赛尼等与「共同犹太教」实践并存。为 p04 耶稣运动提供语境，而非基督教起源目的论。Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and common practice coexist. Context for p04 Jesus movement—not a teleology of Christian origins.

事件犹太教约公元70 年代起（传统节点）From c. 70s CE (traditional node)

雅夫内（圣殿后拉比重组传统）Yavneh (Post-Temple Rabbinic Reorganization Tradition)

传统将圣殿被毁后拉比中心迁至雅夫内。H 轨：记忆与制度形成；T 轨：约哈难·本·扎凯叙事与口传托拉延续。Tradition places post-70 rabbinic center at Yavneh. H-track: memory and institution formation; T-track: Yohanan b. Zakkai narrative and Oral Torah continuity.